23 research outputs found

    Modeling Efficient Classification as a Process of Confidence Assessment and Delegation

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    In visual object detection and recognition, classifiers have two interesting characteristics: accuracy and speed. Accuracy depends on the complexity of the image features and classifier decision surfaces. Speed depends on the hardware and the computational effort required to use the features and decision surfaces. When attempts to increase accuracy lead to increases in complexity and effort, it is necessary to ask how much are we willing to pay for increased accuracy. For example, if increased computational effort implies quickly diminishing returns in accuracy, then those designing inexpensive surveillance applications cannot aim for maximum accuracy at any cost. It becomes necessary to find trade-offs between accuracy and effort. We study efficient classification of images depicting real-world objects and scenes. Classification is efficient when a classifier can be controlled so that the desired trade-off between accuracy and effort (speed) is achieved and unnecessary computations are avoided on a per input basis. A framework is proposed for understanding and modeling efficient classification of images. Classification is modeled as a tree-like process. In designing the framework, it is important to recognize what is essential and to avoid structures that are narrow in applicability. Earlier frameworks are lacking in this regard. The overall contribution is two-fold. First, the framework is presented, subjected to experiments, and shown to be satisfactory. Second, certain unconventional approaches are experimented with. This allows the separation of the essential from the conventional. To determine if the framework is satisfactory, three categories of questions are identified: trade-off optimization, classifier tree organization, and rules for delegation and confidence modeling. Questions and problems related to each category are addressed and empirical results are presented. For example, related to trade-off optimization, we address the problem of computational bottlenecks that limit the range of trade-offs. We also ask if accuracy versus effort trade-offs can be controlled after training. For another example, regarding classifier tree organization, we first consider the task of organizing a tree in a problem-specific manner. We then ask if problem-specific organization is necessary.TÀssÀ työssÀ kÀsitellÀÀn kuvien automaattista luokittelua tehokkuuden nÀkökulmasta. Luokittelulla tarkoitetaan sitÀ, ettÀ kuville annetaan otsikoita ennalta sovitusta otsikoiden joukosta. Esimerkiksi kasvojen etsinnÀssÀ kuvia voidaan luokitella kasvokuviksi tai taustakuviksi. Luokittelussa kÀytettÀvillÀ ohjelmilla, eli luokittelijoilla, on kaksi mielenkiintoista ominaisuutta: tarkkuus ja nopeus. Tarkkuudella tarkoitetaan todennÀköisyyttÀ ennustaa kuvan luokka oikein. Tarkkuus riippuu kuvista etsittÀvien piirteiden ja luokittelijan kÀyttÀmien pÀÀtössÀÀntöjen monimutkaisuudesta. Nopeus puolestaan riippuu kÀytettÀvÀstÀ laitteistosta ja luokittelijan laskennallisesta vaativuudesta. Kun tarkkuuden kasvattaminen johtaa monimutkaisuuden ja laskennallisen vaativuuden kasvuun, on tarpeen harkita johtaako muutos haluttuun lopputulokseen. Jos esimerkiksi vaativuuden annetaan kasvaa merkittÀvÀsti, mutta tarkkuus paranee vain vÀhÀn, niin ei ole mahdollista tavoitella mahdollisimman tarkkoja ja samalla halpoja sovelluksia. TÀllöin tarvitaan hallittuja vaihtokauppoja tarkkuuden ja nopeuden vÀlillÀ. TÀssÀ työssÀ luokittelua sanotaan tehokkaaksi silloin, kun luokittelija voidaan sÀÀtÀÀ saavuttamaan haluttu vaihtokauppa tarkkuuden ja nopeuden vÀlillÀ. TyössÀ ehdotetaan tiettyÀ mallinnuskehystÀ tehokkaan luokittelun mallintamiseksi ja ymmÀrtÀmiseksi. Luokittelua mallinnetaan puun kaltaisena prosessina, jossa kuvat kulkeutuvat juurisolmusta lehtisolmuihin pÀin. Puun sÀÀdettÀvistÀ parametreista riippuu kuinka syvÀlle puuhun kuvat kulkeutuvat. Syvyys on erÀs nopeuteen ja tarkkuuteen vaikuttavista tekijöistÀ. Puun rakenne voi mukailla esimerkiksi luokkien hierarkiaa. Työn kokonaiskontribuutio on kaksitahoinen. Ensiksi mallinnuskehys esitetÀÀn ja osoitetaan kokeellisesti tyydyttÀvÀksi. Toiseksi työssÀ kokeillaan tiettyjÀ epÀtavallisia lÀhestymistapoja osaongelmiin. JÀlkimmÀisen takia saadaan selville mitÀ mallinnuskehyksessÀ tarvitaan ja mitÀ ei. TyössÀ tarkastellaan muun muossa laskennallisten pullonkaulojen muodostumista puihin, vaihtokauppoihin vaikuttavien parametrien sÀÀtöÀ luokittelijan koulutuksen jÀlkeen, sekÀ puun rakenteen muodostamiseen liittyviÀ kysymyksiÀ

    Mitochondrial 2,4-dienoyl-CoA Reductase Deficiency in Mice Results in Severe Hypoglycemia with Stress Intolerance and Unimpaired Ketogenesis

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    The mitochondrial ÎČ-oxidation system is one of the central metabolic pathways of energy metabolism in mammals. Enzyme defects in this pathway cause fatty acid oxidation disorders. To elucidate the role of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (DECR) as an auxiliary enzyme in the mitochondrial ÎČ-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, we created a DECR–deficient mouse line. In Decr−/− mice, the mitochondrial ÎČ-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds is expected to halt at the level of trans-2, cis/trans-4-dienoyl-CoA intermediates. In line with this expectation, fasted Decr−/− mice displayed increased serum acylcarnitines, especially decadienoylcarnitine, a product of the incomplete oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2), urinary excretion of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, and hepatic steatosis, wherein unsaturated fatty acids accumulate in liver triacylglycerols. Metabolically challenged Decr−/− mice turned on ketogenesis, but unexpectedly developed hypoglycemia. Induced expression of peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation and microsomal ω-oxidation enzymes reflect the increased lipid load, whereas reduced mRNA levels of PGC-1α and CREB, as well as enzymes in the gluconeogenetic pathway, can contribute to stress-induced hypoglycemia. Furthermore, the thermogenic response was perturbed, as demonstrated by intolerance to acute cold exposure. This study highlights the necessity of DECR and the breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids in the transition of intermediary metabolism from the fed to the fasted state

    Online Learning of Discriminative Patterns from Unlimited Sequences of Candidates

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    Recent research in object recognition has demonstrated the advantages of representing objects and scenes through localized patterns such as small image templates. In this paper we study the selection of patterns in the framework of extended supervised online learning, where not only new examples but also new candidate patterns become available over time. We propose an algorithm that maintains a pool of discriminative patterns and improves the quality of the pool in a disciplined manner over time. The proposed algorithm is not tied to any specific pattern type or data domain. We evaluate the method on several object detection tasks.

    On the effective computation of the size of the Markov equivalence class of a Bayesian belief network structure

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    In order to compute a reliable score for a Bayesian network structure B with respect to its conditional independence assertions one should take into account the size of B's equivalence class s(B). So far, no one has explicitly presented an algorithm that would calculate s(B) eoeectively. We introduce an algorithm called BE1 that seems to work fast on most of the random network structures we generated
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